Development Of The Mammalian Central Nervous System Essay

During normal development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neural stem cells (NSC) give rise to neurons via process of neurogenesis (Kempermann et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2008). Neurogenesis normally occurs in dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus and lateral ventricle of sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) (Zhao et al., 2008). Hippocampal neurogenesis plays pivotal role in neurologic and psychiatric disorder like epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia and mood disorders (Antonova et al., 2004; Keller and Roberts, 2008; Lucassen et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2008). Development of the nervous system is complex, and includes multistep dynamic processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, expansion of axons and dendrites, synapse formation, myelination and programmed cell death (Rice and Barone, 2000). These processes required the coordinated expression of cellular and molecular events in a spatial and temporal manner during the brain development (Rice and Barone, 2 000; Rodier, 1994). Several growth factors and signal transduction cascades have been implicated in controlling NSC behavior in the developing brain (Faigle and Song, 2013). Among these, members of the Wnt family of secreted glycoprotein thought to be variably influence proliferation and lineage decisions of NSC and their progeny (Clevers et al., 2014). Several environmental toxicants including heavy metals, solvents, pesticides and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) modulate the normalShow MoreRelatedLncrna Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesled to the increased biological complexity. By halting the central dogma – the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein, ncRNAs have gained central attention. 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Witch Hunting And Branding Rural Areas Of India

Witch Hunting and Branding in Rural areas of India Mila Kelly Asian Politics Dr. Dittloff April 26, 2016 INTRODUCTION Today, violence based on gender is a horrific and disturbing phenomenon which is prevalent in any all societies who are irrespective of political boundaries. In different cultures, there are people who believe in witchcraft, despite society s progression to be more scientific in temper. One issue which is largely overlooked is witch hunting which is a form of gender-based violence. In traditional India, the practice of witch hunting was used to ward off evil, however in the past few decades, socio-political motives, such as land-grabbing, seem to be more and more common in rural†¦show more content†¦This paper will not only examine the contemporary challenges of witch-branding/hunting in rural India that is largely grounded in gender violence and vigilantism, but it will also explain how the Indian government is or is not addressing the issue at hand. Examples of what changes can be implemented will also be listed in order to create a step by step plan for the mitigating of such violent acts as well as providing the rural Indian community with some basic essentials for maintaining a successful society. THE HISTORY OF WITCHES AND WITCH HUNTING Throughout history, both men and women alike have been branded witches and been accused of black-magic and sorcery only to be hunted and killed in a most disturbing manner. Women, however, have been the most ubiquitously targeted gender in every society and era. To define the term â€Å"witch†, this paper will be using the definition â€Å"a person, especially of the female gender, who acquires supernatural power, is capable of performing black magic and/or sorcery, and is causing purported harm to human health (Iqbal, 2015). In India, terms such as daayan, tohni and chudail are used to brand women, specifically, as witches. The term â€Å"witch†, a name commonly used only for women, coupled with the fact that the vast majority of witch killing victims are women, clearly shows the attributions as gender specific. The branding of a person as a witch is indefinitely negative and destructive.

First Analysis of Online Food Advertising Targeting Children free essay sample

This analysis of this article is Kaiser Family Foundation that a non-profit, private organization which focusing on the major health care issues in the U. S. it develops and runs its own research and communications programs, sometimes in partnership with other non-profit research organizations or major media companies. They concerned about obesity problem of the children in the U. S. , and there have a lot of reasons causing this problem, they believe online advertising is one of them. The US governors have explored a variety of potential contributing factors, including the marketing and advertising of food products to children. The online food advertising is one of areas which governors have interested on, but there had a lack of publicly available data for online food marketing to children. There have so many researches about how television advertising or how product packaging affects children, but there had no research about how online food advertising affects children back in 2005. We will write a custom essay sample on First Analysis of Online Food Advertising Targeting Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to help fill this gap, so they designed to do one by themselves to help both governors and advertisers who gone use online advertising, hope they can have a new Self-discipline guidelines for online advertising. In this analysis said that 85% of the top food brands using both TV Ads and branded websites to target children online. Unlike TV ads, these branded websites have a lot of opportunity for interacting with the visitors and provide more detailed of their foods. Online advertisings reach isn’t as broad as that of television, but it’s much deeper,† ( Kaiser) said by Vicky Rideout, vice president and director of Kaiser’s Program. That is was why she thinks the advertising industries need a self-discipline guideline for online marketing. In the research, Kaiser Family Foundation studied the top 77 food brand’s web site which received more than 12. 2 million visits from children ages 2 to 11 in 2nd quarter of 2005(Kaiser). There had two new terms used in this analysis which are the major factors in this analysis. The first term used in this analysis call â€Å"Advergames†, according to front network. net â€Å"Advergame is an interactive game product created for advertising/to advertise. The core/basic idea of advergame is that game will be developed as a kind of advertisement/is to develop games into advertisement, we hope customers will receive the information while playing the games. † this study saying that 73% of the websites have advergames, and some site has up to 60 games per site. In this analysis it gave example such as Lucky Charms site hey can play Lucky’s Magic Adventure and â€Å"learn the powers of all eight charms† found in Lucky Charms cereal. To encourage additional time spent at the website, many of the games promote repeat playing (71%), offer multiple levels of play (45%), or suggest other games the visitor might enjoy (22%). The second first term used in this analysis call â€Å"Viral marketing†, according to dictionary. com viral marke ting is â€Å"a direct marketing technique in which a company persuades internet users to forward its publicity material in e-mails (usually by including jokes, games, video clips, etc)†

English Igcse free essay sample

Write your name here Surname Other names Edexcel Certificate Edexcel International GCSE Centre Number Candidate Number English Language A Paper 1 Friday 25 May 2012 – Afternoon Time: 2 hours 15 minutes You do not need any other materials. Paper Reference KEA0/01 4EA0/01 Total Marks Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need. Information The total mark for this paper is 60.The marks for each question are shown in brackets – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. The quality of written communication will be assessed in your responses to Sections B and C – you should take particular care on these questions with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression. We will write a custom essay sample on English Igcse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Copies of the Edexcel Anthology for IGCSE English Language and IGCSE English Literature may not be brought into the examination. Dictionaries may not be used in this examination. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over P40032A  ©2012 Pearson Education Ltd. *P40032A0120* 1/1/1/1/1 Section A: Reading You should spend about 45 minutes on this section. Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions which follow. As a child the writer lived with his mother, named Jenny, and Alexander his brother, on an isolated hilltop sheep farm. In this passage he describes a dramatic snow storm. Blizzard! Every winter Jenny listened to weather forecasts with dread, equally concerned for us and for the animals.(Total for Question 3 = 12 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS FOR READING *P40032A0720* 7 Turn over Section B: Reading and Writing You should spend about 45 minutes on this section. Remind yourself of the passage, A Game of Polo with a Headless Goat from the Edexcel Anthology for IGCSE English Language and IGCSE English Literature, and then answer Questions 4 and 5. Emma Levine travelled throughout Asia researching and filming unusual sports. In this passage she writes about a donkey race in Karachi.We drove off to find the best viewing spot, which turned out to be the crest of the hill so we could see the approaching race. I asked the lads if we could join in the ‘Wacky Races’ and follow the donkeys, and they loved the idea. ‘We’ll open the car boot, you climb inside and point your camera towards the race. As the donkeys overtake us, we’ll join the cars. ’ ‘But will you try and get to the front? ’ ‘Oh yes, that’s no problem. ’ The two lads who had never been interested in this Karachi sport were suddenly fired up with enthusiasm. We waited for eternity on the brow of the hill, me perched in the boot with a zoom lens pointing out.Nearly one hour later I was beginning to feel rather silly when the only action was a villager on a wobbly bicycle, who nearly fell off as he cycled past and gazed around at us. Several vehicles went past, and some donkey-carts carrying spectators. ‘Are they coming? ’ we called out to them. ‘Coming, coming,’ came the reply. I was beginning to lose faith in its happening, but the lads remained confident. Just as I was assuming that the race had been cancelled, we spotted two approaching donkey-carts in front of a cloud of fumes and dust created by some fifty vehicles roaring up in their wake.As they drew nearer, Yaqoob revved up the engine and began to inch the car out of the lay-by. The two donkeys were almost dwarfed by their entourage; but there was no denying their speed – the Kibla donkey is said to achieve speeds of up to 40 kph, and this looked close. The two were neck-and-neck, their jockeys perched on top of the tiny carts using their whips energetically, although not cruelly. The noise of the approaching vehicles grew; horns tooting, bells ringing, and the special rattles used just for this purpose (like maracas, a metal container filled with dried beans).Men standing on top of their cars and vans, hanging out of taxis and perched on lorries, all cheered and shouted, while the vehicles jostled to get to the front of the convoy. Yaqoob chose exactly the right moment to edge out of the road and swerve in front of the nearest car, finding the perfect place to see the two donkeys and at the front of the vehicles. This was Formula One without rules, or a city-centre rush hour gone anarchic; a complete flouting of every type of traffic rule and common sense. Our young driver relished this unusual test of driving skills.It was survival of the fittest, and depended upon the ability to cut in front of a vehicle with a sharp flick of th e steering wheel (no lane discipline here); quick reflexes to spot a gap in the traffic for a couple of seconds; nerves of steel, and an effective horn. There were two races – the motorized spectators at the back; in front, the two donkeys, still running close and amazingly not put off by the uproar just behind them. Ahead of the donkeys, oncoming traffic – for it was a main road – had to dive into the ditch and wait there until we had passed. Yaqoob loved it.We stayed near to the front, his hand permanently on the horn and his language growing more colourful with every vehicle that tried to cut in front. †¦ 8 25 15 5 10 20 30 35 *P40032A0820* The road straightened and levelled, and everyone picked up speed as we neared the end of the race. But just as they were reaching the finishing line, the hospital gate, there was a near pile-up as the leading donkey swerved, lost his footing and he and the cart tumbled over. The race was over. And then the trouble began. I assumed the winner was the one who completed the race but it was not seen that way by everyone.Apart from the two jockeys and ‘officials’ (who, it turned out, were actually monitoring the race) there were over a hundred punters who had all staked money on the race, and therefore had strong opinions. Some were claiming that the donkey had fallen because the other one had been ridden too close to him. Voices were raised, fists were out and tempers rising. Everyone gathered around one jockey and official, while the bookmakers were trying to insist that the race should be re-run. Yaqoob and Iqbal were nervous of hanging around a volatile situation. They agreed to find out for me what was happening ordering me to stay inside the car as they were swallowed up by the crowd. They emerged sometime later. ‘It’s still not resolved,’ said Iqbal, ‘but it’s starting to get nasty. I think we should leave. ’ As we drove away, Yaqoob reflected on his driving skills. ‘I really enjoyed that,’ he said as we drove off at a more sedate pace. ‘But I don’t even have my licence yet because I’m underage! ’ They both found this hilarious, but I was glad he hadn’t told me before; an inexperienced, underage driver causing a massive pile-up in the middle of the high-stakes donkey race could have caused problems. Emma Levine 40 45 50 55 *P40032A0920* 9 Turn over 4 How does the writer try to share her experiences of being at the race? You should refer closely to the passage to support your answer. You may include brief quotations.